This interview comes days after His All
Holiness paid a visit to Bulgaria for the opening of new churches in the Burgas
region where he was welcomed by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Bulgarian
Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. Shortly after that, on May 24, 2010, Ecumenical
Patriarch Bartholomew was in Moscow where he performed a service together with
Russian Patriarch Kirill on the occasion of the Day of St. Cyril and St.
Methodius, the authors of the Slavic script.
What would you say are the major, basic
characteristics that continue to distinguish today Eastern/Greek Orthodox
Christianity from the other Christian churches?
It is
sometimes best to discern similarities and common ground, rather than
differences and distinctive features among Christian Churches. There is often
more that unites us than separates us, and we should not be complacent in a
defensive presence of Orthodox Christianity in the world.
Nevertheless,
the Orthodox Church has a profound wealth in its spiritual tradition, which
retains a more cosmic, liturgical and mystical world view.
This is
why current issues of global concern, such as the ecological crisis, are of
utmost importance to us inasmuch as they underline how doctrine and ethos are
integrally related. The way we worship and pray to God reflects the way we lead
our lives and treat our planet.
What is the most unique thing about the
tradition of Eastern/Greek Orthodox Christianity? What should members of the
other Christian churches or other religions know about it?
The
Orthodox Church is often seen as a traditional Church. And, while it is true
that we preserve many elements from the early Apostolic community, which
witnessed the Resurrection of our Lord and the Pentecost of the Church, we are
also a Church that seeks to dialogue with the present.
In this
regard, we are a Church that looks both to the past (with the treasures of the
Church of the Fathers) as well as to the future (with an expectation of the
heavenly kingdom, as we profess in the Nicene Creed). This all-embracing
theology and all-encompassing spirituality is “always prepared to give an
answer to everyone who asks us to give the reason for the hope that lies within
us.” (1 Peter 3.15)
There is a widespread impression that Western
churches are generally more pro-active with respect to social causes and
initiatives. What is the main attraction and the main message of the Eastern
Orthodox Church in the 21st century, the rapidly changing time of the Global
Age?
In many
ways, there is truth in that widespread impression, and it would be helpful for
us as Orthodox Christians to be prepared also to learn from our Western brothers
and sisters.
As we
observed earlier, it is more helpful and beneficial for us to work together in
a spirit of healthy ecumenism, rather than work in an isolation that resembles
a closed ghetto-like community. From as early as the third century, the West
emphasized the role of the Church in the present world, excelling in law,
ethics, and the worldly institution.
By
contrast, the East stressed the heavenly (or eschatological) dimension of the
Church, presenting unparalleled models and examples of mysticism and
spirituality. So both East and West can learn from one another.
The
Orthodox Church can reveal how the Holy Spirit and the Divine Liturgy are able
to inspire all aspects of the earthly Church – including the organizational
leadership of the Church and the social standards of the people.
Is it correct to say that the Orthodox
Christian religion is a key trait of a Greco-Slavic Civilization, as it is
often described by western scholars?
While it
is true that Orthodox Christianity was the cradle of civilization on the
Eastern world – both Greek and Slavic – the unfortunate truth is that the
Western world has neglected its Byzantine roots.
It is a
sad reality that Western historians have been dominated by the importance and
influence of the Renaissance, while overlooking the fact that Constantine the
Great moved the capital of the Empire to New Rome, Constantinople, in 330AD as
well as the fact that all seven Ecumenical Councils of undivided Christianity
were held not in Greece or Rome, but in the East, in what is now Turkey.
Nevertheless,
more recent scholarship has embraced a more comprehensive view of history. As
shown in Dr. Runciman’s great books, the memory preserved by the Mother Church
of Constantinople through the centuries was the memory of an Orthodox
ecumenical civilization. However, it is not easy to turn around a tide of
historical prejudice.
Greeks and Bulgarians used to have more
powerful medieval empires, which boosted Orthodox Christianity. What is the
role of these two nations today as far as Orthodox Christianity is concerned?
Is it fair to say that Russia is the leading Orthodox nation nowadays?
We should
remember that the situation of the first millennium no longer prevails in our
world, and we should not live in such a manner that reflects those
circumstances. Moreover, while the original system of Pentarchy emanated from
respect for the apostolicity and particularity of the traditions of these
ancient Patriarchates, the autocephaly of later Churches grew out of respect
for the cultural identity of nations.
Thus,
today, we have reached the perception that Orthodoxy comprises a federation of
national Churches, frequently attributing priority to national interests in
their relationship with one another. Yet, secular forces have never been the
primary focus or foremost definition of Orthodox ecclesiology.
Our
criteria of ecclesial identity and unity are not the measures of this world –
of numbers and wealth – but derive instead from the Holy Spirit, as this is
revealed in the Church Councils and the Holy Eucharist.
We do
not, as during Byzantine times, have at our disposal a state factor that guaranteed
– and sometimes even imposed – our unity. Nor does our ecclesiology permit any
centralized authority that is able to impose unity from above.
Our unity
depends on our ecclesial conscience. The sense of need and duty that we
constitute a single canonical structure and body, one Church, is sufficient to
guarantee our unity, without any external intervention.
This is
precisely why we have to date convened five meetings (Synaxes) of Heads of
Orthodox Churches throughout the world, while we have at the same time insisted
on advancing preparations for the Holy and Great Council of our Orthodox
Church.
We have
been blessed with a recent official visit to Russia at the invitation of His
Beatitude Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and we have, therefore, witnessed the
vital rejuvenation as well as the complicated adversities of the Russian
nation.
From your position as the Ecumenical
Patriarch of Constantinople you have sought to promote peace among Christians,
Muslims and Jews. What are some of your successful initiatives in that respect?
In an age of rising sectarian violence, what can religious figures of your rank
do to help bring about peace and understanding?
In
addition to the bilateral academic dialogues that we hold on a regular basis
with both Jews and Muslims (since the early 1970s), the initiatives that we
have promoted in recent years include: the Peace and Tolerance Conference
(Istanbul, 1994); the Conference on Peaceful Coexistence between Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam (Brussels, 2001); the Conference on Religion, Peace and
the Olympic Ideal (Athens, 2004); and the second Peace and Tolerance Conference
(Istanbul, 2005).
These
gatherings, and others like them, have proved both pioneering in purpose and
historical in substance. For they opened our eyes to the diversity of cultures
and religions that comprise our fragmented global world. It is our firm
conviction that all religious leaders can benefit from such meetings inasmuch
as they widened people’s appreciation of racism and fundamentalism, while
assisting in distinguishing between religious tolerance and religious
absolutism.
Source: http://stmaryorthodoxchurch.org/orthodoxy/articles/2010-bartholomew-interview
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