Question:
"What does St Paul mean when he says "Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto
them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience as also saith the
law" (1 Corinthians 14:34)? Does this mean that women cannot direct or
sing in the choir?"
Answer:
Interpreting this passage is complicated by the fact that it is in the context
of a discussion of how speaking in tongues and prophecy were to be handled
during the services of the Church, and yet because of the abuse of these
practices by those who were suffering from spiritual delusion, the Church
ceased to allow such things to be done in the context of the services
altogether. Furthermore, because women who claimed to have the gift of prophecy
were very prominent in the Montanist heresy (which began in the second
century), in many of the comments about this passage you find in the Fathers,
they are using it polemically. And so it may be that polemics led some to take
the view that this passage means that women should refrain not only from
speaking in prophecy or singing audibly in the Church, but even from praying
audibly. However, this view was not unanimously held.
St. Paul said
earlier in the same epistle: "But every woman that prayeth or prophesieth
with her head uncovered dishonoureth her head: for that is even all one as if
she were shaven" (1 Corinthians 11:5), and here he makes no suggestion
that they should not pray or prophesy in Church... only that they should not do
so without their heads uncovered. St. John Chrysostom points out:
"For there
were, as I said, both men who prophesied and women who had this gift at that
time, as the daughters of Philip, (Acts 21:9) as others before them and after
them: concerning whom also the prophet spake of old: “your sons shall prophesy,
and your daughters shall see visions” (c.f. Joel 2:28 and Acts 2:17 - from
Homily 26 on 1 Corinthians).
In his 37th homily
on 1 Corinthians (which covers 14:34), he says that the prohibition is directed
against women speaking "idly," or "inconsiderately" (i.e.
out of the proper order discussed earlier in chapter 14), but he does not
suggest that the statement prohibits women who had the gift of prophecy from
prophesying in Church.
The context of
chapter 14 is about the proper order that should prevail when people either
spoke in tongues or prophesied... and there is a previous instance in which St.
Paul speaks of keeping silence:
"If any man
speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at the most by three, and that
by course; and let one interpret. But if there be no interpreter, let him keep
silence in the church; and let him speak to himself, and to God (1 Corinthians
14:27-8).
Clearly in this
case, St. Paul is not making an absolute ban on such a person speaking in
Church - he is only forbidding him to speak in tongues if there is no one to
interpret (in which case no one else would receive any edification). And so the
silence is with regard to speaking out of good order.
Then St. Paul again
speaks of keeping silent:
"Let two or
three prophets speak, and let the others judge. But if anything is revealed to
another who sits by, let the first keep silent. For you can all prophesy one by
one, that all may learn and all may be encouraged. And the spirits of the
prophets are subject to the prophets. For God is not the author of confusion
but of peace, as in all the churches of the saints" (1 Corinthians
14:29-33).
When it speaks of
letting the others judge, this suggests that after a person would prophesy,
others would comment on it - most likely this would have been done by those who
had charge of the Church (certainly an Apostle, if present, and the local
bishop, presbyters, and deacons). Probably some would ask questions about what
was said. It is in both of these respects that St. Paul is telling women to
keep silence, and if they had questions to ask their husbands about it later --
but this meant keeping silence with regard to these specific things. And St.
John Chrysostom's comments about refraining from idle talk were certainly also
applicable here.
Of course, in our
context, we would not allow either a man or a women to speak in tongues or
prophesy in the context of a service, but the point is that the statement that
women should keep silence was not an absolute prohibition against women praying
audibly or singing.
St. Ephrem the
Syrian actually formed women choirs in Edessa (see "Spoken Words, Voiced
Silence: Biblical Women in Syriac Tradition, by Susan Ashbrook Harvey).
According to Fr. Robert Taft (a noted historian of Eastern Liturgics), there
was also a woman's choir in the Hagia Sophia (Interview of Sister Vassa Larin,
"Orthodoxy is not a Religion of Fear").
There are also long
standing traditions of congregational singing, such as among the
Carpatho-Russians, which obviously included women in the singing. And those who
have grown up in that context will tell you that this was one of the most
powerful aspects of parish life.
Furthermore, women
have been singing in mixed choirs and even directing choirs in the Russian
Church for a very long time now, and saints, such as St. John of Shanghai have
not only raised no objections to it, but have blessed it to be so. So while one
may make a case against women singing on the basis of the comments of some
Fathers, the fact that the Church has allowed it, and that this has been
without any controversy, and with the blessing of many saints should restrain
anyone from making dogmatic arguments against the practice.
It is also a fact
that without women singers and choir directors, many parishes would be hard
pressed to pull off a decent service, and so even if you could make the
argument that in an ideal world, choirs would consist of only tonsured male
readers, the problem remains that we do not live in such an ideal world, and
have to use the resources that we have. St. Paul's concern in his first epistle
to the Corinthians was that "all things be done decently, and in good
order" (1 Corinthians 14:40). If our interpretation of his admonitions
leads us to the opposite effect, then I would suggest this means we are
misreading him on some level.
When a baby girl is
baptized, she is Churched. And in that service, the priest brings her into the
middle of the Church and says "In the midst of the church shall she sing
praises unto Thee" (c.f. Psalm 21[22]:22). It is hard to imagine why we
would say this if we did not intend that it should actually happen.
By Fr. John Whiteford
Source: http://fatherjohn.blogspot.com/2015/11/stump-priest-women-singing-in-church.html
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