The
histories of Moscow and of the icon of Vladimir Mother of God are eternally
inseparable. How many times did the Mother of God save the capital city from
enemies through the grace of her holy icon? This icon has linked Apostolic
times to Byzantium, Kievan Rus’ to Vladimir Rus’, and later to Muscovy, the
Third Rome; as it is said, “there will be no Fourth.” The kingdom of Moscow was
formed by divine providence and embraced the mystical ties of ancient empires,
historical experience and traditions of other Orthodox peoples. The miracle
working Vladimir icon became a symbol of unity and succession.
Words
cannot describe this icon; any verbal expression would be hollow compared to
the gaze of the Theotokos from her image. This look contains everything – life
and death; resurrection, eternity, immortality. According to ancient tradition,
the Holy Evangelist, Physician, and Iconographer Luke painted three icons of
the Theotokos. When the Most Pure One looked at them, she said: “May the grace
of the One Who was born of me, and my grace, be with these Holy Icons.” One of
these Icons is now known as the Vladimir icon. This depiction of Our Lady was
kept in Jerusalem until 450 AD, after which it was taken to Constantinople. In
the first half of twelfth century Luke Chrysoberges, Patriarch of
Constantinople, sent the icon (together with the other image of Theotokos,
known as “Pirogoschaya”) as a gift to Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky,
who placed it in the Vyshgorod convent (near Kiev), an area once belonging to
Equal-to-the-Apostles, Grand Duchess Olga. In 1155 Vyshgorod became a
possession of Prince Andrew, son of Yuri Dolgoruky.
When
prince Andrew decided to return to his homeland in Suzdal, he took this Icon
without his father’s permission. As he traveled, he continually served molebens
before it. The people of Vladimir-on-Klyazma met their prince with joy.
Afterwards the prince wanted to continue on to Rostov, but six and half miles
from Vladimir their horses stopped near the Klyazma River, and refused to go
any further. Even newly harnessed horses refused to proceed. The astounded
Prince Andrew fell weeping in front of the Icon and prayed. Thereafter the
Theotokos appeared to him with a scroll in her hand, and ordered to leave Her
image in the city of Vladimir, and to build later a monastery on the place of
her appearance in honor of her Nativity.
Prince
Andrew left the icon in Vladimir, and since 1160 it has been called the
“Vladimir” icon. In 1164 Prince Andrew Bogolubsky took this Icon on his
campaign against Volga Bulgarians. After the prince went to Confession and took
Communion, he prostrated before the image of Theotokos, and said: “All who put
their trust in Thee, Our Lady, will not perish!” All the soldiers followed
their prince to venerate with tears the miraculous icon, and went to battle
with trust in the aid of the Mother of God. The infidels were defeated.
A moleben
was served before the holy icon after their victory on the battlefield. A
miracle occurred during the prayer of the Russian soldiers--a light from the
icon and from the Holy Cross illuminated entire area.
On the
other side of Christian world, at the same time and on the same day, the
Byzantine Emperor Manuel saw the light of Christ’s Cross, and, being encouraged
by this sign, triumphed over Saracens. After Prince Andrew and the emperor of
the Second Rome related their experiences to one another, the Feast of the
Procession of the Precious Wood of the Live-Giving Cross of the Lord was
established on the first of August. This feast is also called the “First Feast
of the Savior” by the Russian people. Many other miracles were revealed through
the wondrous icon.
In 1395,
Tamerlane with his Tartar horde approached Moscow. Christians had only one
hope—in God’s help. The Grand Duke of Moscow, Vasiliy Dmitrievich, requested
that the icon be carried from Vladimir to Moscow. The procession from Klyazma
took ten days. People stood on their knees all along the road upon which the
procession passed, and, stretching out their hands, begged: “O Mother of God,
save the Russian Land!” The city of Moscow waited solemnly for the Vladimir
Icon. All the city’s clergy took part in the procession. The Duke’s family,
boyars, and common Moscovites came outside the city walls to Kuchkovo fields to
meet and accompany the icon to the Dormition Cathedral in the Kremlin.
This was
on August 26. Later, a chronicler wrote, “The whole city came out to meet the
Icon.” The Metropolitan, the Grand Duke, “men and women, youths and maidens,
children and babes, orphans and widows, the little with the great came out with
crosses and icons, with Psalms and spiritual hymns; everyone was in tears, and
no person could be found who did not pray fervently with sighs and tears.”
The
Theotokos heard the prayers of those who had faith in her. At the same time
when people were meeting the icon on banks of the Moscow River, Tamerlane lay
sleeping in his tent. He saw a vision – saintly hierarchs with golden staffs
descending from a high mountain, and a radiant Lady in the air above them,
surrounded by unspeakable rays of purest light. A countless multitude of Angels
with fiery swords encircled Her… Tamerlane woke up in fear. All the Tartar wise
men, elders and fortunetellers explained that the Woman whom he had seen in the
vision was the protectress of the Orthodox, the Mother of God, and that her
power is invincible. After this, the “Iron Lame,” as Tamerlane was called,
ordered his horde to retreat. Both the Tartars and the Russians were astonished
by this. The chronicler continued, “Tamerlane fled, pursued by the might of
Most Pure Virgin!”
The
grateful Muscovites built the Sretensky Monastery on the site of the meeting of
the miracle-working icon which took place on August 26, 1395, “that the great
works of God may never be forgotten.” After remaining for 242 years near the
Klyazma River, the Vladimir Icon of Theotokos was taken to Moscow and placed in
the Kremlin Dormition Cathedral. Thanks to its grace-filled protection, Moscow
was spared in 1408 from Khan Edigey, in 1451 from the Nogay prince, Mazovshi,
and in 1459 from his father Khan Sedi-Ahmet.
In 1480
Khan Ahmet advanced upon Moscow and arrived at the Ugra River in Kaluga region,
while John III, Grand Duke of Moscow, was waiting on the other side. Suddenly a
strong and unreasonable fear came upon the Tartars; Ahmet did not dare to fight
the Russians and retreated to the steppe. In honor of this event, an annual
Cross procession was instituted, from the Dormition Cathedral to Sretensky
monastery. To this day, the Ugra River is called the “Cincture of Theotokos.”
In 1521,
the khan of Kazan, Mehmad-Girey, advanced toward Moscow with Kazan and Nogay
Tartars. Metropolitan Varlaam prayed with the people before the Vladimir Icon.
Grand Duke Vasiliy Ivanovich barely managed to gather enough soldiers to meet
the Tartars at the kingdom’s border, near the Oka River. He was slowly
retreating to Moscow, trying hard to hold ranks.
On the
night of the siege, a nun from Ascension Monastery (in the Kremlin) saw the
holy hierarchs coming through the closed doors of Dormition Cathedral, carrying
the miracle-working Vladimir Icon. These were saints who had lived two
centuries earlier--Metropolitans of Moscow Peter and Alexei. She also saw how
their procession was met by Saint Varlaam of Hutyn (near Novgorod) and Saint
Sergius of Radonezh, near the Tower of the Savior in the Kremlin wall. They
prostrated before the icon and pleaded the Most Pure One not to abandon the
Dormition Cathedral and the people of Moscow. The Intercessor then returned
through close doors into Cathedral.
The nun
hastened to relate her vision to the citizens of Moscow, who gathered in the
church for a heartfelt prayer. The Tartars again saw a vision of “a huge
regiment in shining armor,” and ran away from the walls of the city.
Thus, the
people’s prayers before the Vladimir Icon have saved the Russian land many
times. To commemorate these events, the following feast days were established:
May 21, in honor of Moscow’s deliverance from Crimean Khan Mehmad-Girey in
1521; June 23, in honor of Moscow’s deliverance from the hordes of Khan Ahmet
in 1480; and August 26, in honor of Moscow’s deliverance from Tamerlane’s army
in 1395.
One
version of the Vladimir Icon bears the special name, “Tree of the Muscovite
Nation.” The first of these Icons was painted during the sunset of ancient
Russia, in 1668, by the royal iconographer Simon (Pimen) Ushakov, for the Holy
Trinity Church at Nikitniki near Kitay-gorod. This icon depicts Saints Peter and
Alexis watering a tree growing out of the Kremlin walls; the branches of the
tree bear icons of Russian saints, and at center is an oval image of the
Vladimir Mother of God. Another icon, called the “Laudation of the Theotokos”
depicts Old Testament prophets with unfurled scrolls, upon which are written
words of the Akathist to the Mother of God. The “Tree of the Muscovite Nation”
icon similarly shows the heavenly protectors of Russia, who glorify and praise
the Most Pure One, and pray to her to protect the Russian land.
Troparion, Tone 4
Today the city of Moscow is radiant for it
receives the sunbeam of thy wonderworking icon, O Lady. As we greet it we pray
to thee and cry: O wonderful Mother of God, pray to Christ our God Who was
incarnate of thee that this city and all cities and countries be kept safe from
all enemy assaults and that our souls may be saved, for He is merciful .
Source: http://orthochristian.com/7424.html
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