The Liturgical Colors of Vestments in the Orthodox Church
The Vestments
The Orthodox clergy wear two kinds of robes,
non-liturgical and liturgical. The non-liturgical robes are the ordinary daily
clothing of the clergy, worn underneath ‘liturgical robes’. Liturgical robes,
or ‘vestments’, are worn during church services.
The non-liturgical robes are called cassocks
(Greek rason, Slavonic podriasnik) and outer cassocks (Greek exo-rason,
Slavonic riassa). Cassocks are floor-length garments that have long sleeves
fitted like shirtsleeves. Outer cassocks are also floor-length garments, but
they’re more loosely fitting, with very large sleeves.
In the Russian tradition, because monastic
clergy wear dark colored cassocks (usually black, dark blue, or dark brown) and
married clergy wear whatever color cassocks they have (often lighter colors),
they’re referred to as black clergy and white clergy. In Russia, before the
Revolution of 1917, this color scheme was true of both under and outer
cassocks. Also, the color of sleeve lining of the riassa [outer cassock]
signified the rank of the priest. In modern Russia, the clergy use dark colors
for riassas, using other colors only for under cassocks. They no longer use
colored sleeve linings to denote rank. However, since Russian-tradition
Churches outside Russia were not affected by the changes in the Soviet Union
after 1917, many Russian-tradition clergy outside Russia, especially in
America, continue the pre-1917 styles of dress to the present day. 
The practice of wearing colored cassocks comes
from the times called Turkocracia, the Turkish rule, or ‘Turkish yoke’. Moslem
clergy reserved the right to wear white or black thinking to humiliate the
Christian clergy by forcing them to wear bright colored clothing. Once the
Greek Church was free of Turkish rule, they dropped the practice of wearing
colored cassocks. But the Russian clergy had copied the practice of the Greek
clergy and it had become part of the Russian style.
By the way, Greek-tradition clergy wear colored
under-cassocks in the tropical and equatorial climes. Cream, gray, and tan are
popular. Also, blue under-cassocks are not uncommon (no matter what climate
zone).
It is proper to wear a belt on the
under-cassock. In the Greek tradition, the belt’s no more than a ribbon or cord
tied around the waist. But in the Serbian and Romanian Churches, these belts
signify the rank of the priest. In the Russian Church, the belt is often quite
elaborate. The late Archbishop John (Garklavs) of Chicago seemed to always wear
belts embroidered with roses.
Wearing the under- and outer-cassocks is common
to bishops, priests, deacons, monks and nuns. Permission to wear a cassock is
often given to seminarians, monastic novices, and sub-deacons and readers in
parishes.
As for vestments, when the Typikon says anything
about them at all, it only specifies ‘light’ or ‘dark’ vestments, so local
tradition is the only ‘standard’. In the Orthodox Church, six liturgical colors
are used: white, green, purple, red, blue, and gold. Later, black vestments
also came into use. In some places, scarlet orange or rust color is used.
You could assign meanings to the different
colors: white for the pure light of God’s energy; green, the color of life, for
the Holy Spirit and the wood of the cross; purple for the suffering of Christ;
deep red for the blood on the Cross, blood of the martyrs; blue for the Mother
of God; and gold for the richness of the gifts of the Holy Spirit, and bright
red for the fiery flame of the Spiritual Host. Black is traditionally the color
of death and mourning in the West, but in the far East white is the color of
death and mourning. In Russia, red is the color of beauty, brightness and joy.
None of this is written down in the rules, and different colors obviously have
different meanings for different peoples.
It is therefore easier to describe various
customs than it is to say what are ‘proper’ and ‘improper’ colors to use.
Below, we give the most common uses for colors in the Orthodox Church,
especially in the Russian (Moscow) and Carpatho-Russian, Ukrainian, or ‘Little
Russian’ tradition.
The Colors
Here is what the Russian Church’s Nastol’naya
Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia says about colors:
The most important Feasts of the Orthodox Church
and the sacred events for which specific colors of vestments have been
established, can be united into six basic groups:
1. The group of feasts and days commemorating Our
Lord Jesus Christ, the Prophets, the Apostles and the Holy Hierarchs. Vestment
color: Gold (yellow) of all shades.
2. The group of feasts and days commemorating the Most Holy Mother of God, the Bodiless Powers and Virgins. Vestment color: Light blue and white.
3. The group of feasts and days commemorating the
Cross of Our Lord. Vestment color: Purple or dark red.
4. The group of feasts and days commemorating martyrs. Vestment color: Red. [On Great and Holy Thursday, dark red vestments are worn, even though the church is still covered with black and the Holy (Altar) Table is covered with a white cloth.]
5. The group of feasts and days commemorating monastic saints, ascetics and fools for Christ. Vestment color: Green. The Entrance of Our Lord into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday), Holy Trinity Day (Pentecost) and Holy Spirit Day (Monday after Pentecost) are, as a rule, celebrated in green vestments of all shades.
6. During the Lenten periods, the vestment colors are: Dark blue, purple, dark green, dark red and black. This last color is used essentially for the days of Great Lent. During the first week of that Lent and on the weekdays of the following weeks, the vestment color is black. On Sundays and Feast days of this period, the vestments are of a dark color with gold or colored ornaments. Funerals, as a rule, are done in white vestments.
In earlier times, there were no black vestments
in the Orthodox Church, although the everyday clothing of the clergy,
especially the monastics, was black. In ancient times, both in the Greek and in
the Russian Churches, the clergy wore, according to the Typikon, "Crimson
Vestments": dark (blood) red vestments. In Russia, it was first proposed
to the clergy of Saint Petersburg to wear black vestments, if possible, to
participate in the Funeral of Emperor Peter II [1821]. From that time on, black
vestments became customary for funerals and the weekday services of Great Lent.
Colors According to Various Local Customs
White is worn for the feasts and post-feasts of
Epiphany, Transfiguration, and Pascha. In antiquity, Christmas and Epiphany
were celebrated as one feast, Theophany of the Lord, so, in some places, white
is worn on Christmas day, but gold is worn from the second day of Christmas
until Epiphany. In Muscovite custom, the Church and the vestments of the priest
are changed to white at the prokeimenon of the Holy Saturday Liturgy. And then
white is worn until the end of Paschal Matins, and bright red is worn at the
Paschal Liturgy and throughout the Paschal season. In some places in Russia,
white is worn from Ascension to Pentecost, but in other places, gold is worn
for those days. In Carpatho-Russian style, in the Paschal season, white,
exclusively, is worn. White, the color of the Resurrection is worn at funerals
and memorial services. Also, interestingly, in Russia, at liturgy on Holy
Thursday, a white altar cover is used to represent the linen tablecloth of the
Last Supper [the priest wears dark red, and the church remains in black until
after the liturgy, when the priest’s vestments return to black]. 
Gold is worn from Christmas to Epiphany, and in
some places, during the Nativity fast. Gold is worn when no other color is
specified. In one tradition, gold is worn on all Sundays (except when white is
worn), including even the Sundays in all the fasting periods. In
Carpatho-Russian style, gold is worn from the eve of Ascension to the eve of
Pentecost.
Red, especially dark red or ‘blood red’, is worn
for the Saints Peter and Paul fast, the Nativity fast, Elevation of the Cross
(Sept 15), and for all feasts of martyrs. Bright red would be worn for Saints
Peter and Paul feast, and for the Angels. In Moscow style, on Mount Athos, and
at Jerusalem, bright red is worn on Pascha and on the Nativity.
Blue is worn for all feasts of the Virgin,
Presentation of the Lord, Annunciation, and sometimes on the fifth Friday of
Lent (Akathist). In Carpatho-Russian parishes, blue is worn for the Dormition
fast and feast, and then is worn until the Elevation of the Cross, sometimes
even until the Nativity fast.
Purple is worn on weekends of Lent (black is
worn weekdays). In some places, purple is worn on weekdays of Lent (gold on
weekends).
Black is worn for weekdays in Lent, especially
the first week of Lent and in Holy Week. In Carpatho-Russian, formerly Uniate
parishes, black is worn on all weekdays for funerals and memorial services and
liturgies, as is done in the Roman Catholic Church, though this is not
universally true any more.
Orange or rust is worn in some places for the
Saints Peter and Paul fast, and in other places for Saints Peter and Paul feast
through the Transfiguration.
Please note that ‘feast’ refers to the period
from the vigil of the feast until it’s apodosis, or ‘putting away,’ usually
called the ‘post-feast’. The lengths of these post-feasts vary and are given in
the Liturgical Calendar and Rubrics. Generally speaking, there is a post-feast
of about a week for each of the twelve major feasts.
As you can see, there is great variety in ways
of doing things. In the Western Church, six colors are used: white, red, rose,
green, purple and black. Blue and gold are not used. Black is worn on Good
Friday, and at requiem masses.
In many parishes the covering on the altar and
other tables, other cloths and hangings, the curtain behind the Royal Doors,
and even the glass containers for the vigil candles are changed to the
liturgical color of the season.
In parishes of the Greek tradition, it is
customary for the vigil glasses and curtain behind the Royal Doors to remain
red in color at all times. Because of the association of the Gospel story of
the curtain in the temple being ‘torn in two’ at the time of the earthquake
when our Lord was crucified, and the story of the eggs carried by Pontius
Pilate’s wife all turning red (and our use of red eggs at Pascha) the custom is
for the curtain behind the Royal Doors to remain red. Remember that this rich
deep reddish purple color is also the ancient color of royalty, and for that
reason, it is used behind the Royal Doors and as a drapery on the Golgotha and
in other places associated with our Lord and His Mother. Source:
Nastol’naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia,
Volume 4, Moscow, 1983, Translated in The Messenger of St. Andrew’s Russian
Orthodox Cathedral, Philadelphia, June, July-August, September, 1999.
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